Justice for the Rural Poor Catherine Coleman Flowers The New York Review of Books

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• It involved subdividing massive tracts of land—usually former plantations—and giving Black farmers subsidies for buying them.
• The rural poor live with their parents, maybe even their grandparents, and their kids.
• During the Depression, 65 percent of all farmers were tenant farmers, and 39 percent of tenant farmers were sharecroppers.
• We knew we were poor, but we all believed that there was a way out—a way out of poverty, a way to prosper someplace else.
• A back injury in his thirties forced my father to retire as a civil servant, but he ran a small business selling fish and watermelons off the back of his truck.

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Fighting for these people’s basic sanitation rights—bridging the gap between the rural poor and the politicians who represent them—would become my life’s work. Once I started in Lowndes County, I saw how widespread the problem was in rural communities throughout the South. It was, moreover, a problem much larger than septic systems, casting an unforgiving spotlight on the government’s fundamental disinterest in rural communities. After all, the residents of these parts of the country tend not to be particularly politically active. No lucrative fundraisers are held where they live, and gerrymandering and isolation have diluted what voting blocs might have existed. Some churches, to be sure, make efforts to get out the vote, but the return on investment for major political parties is relatively low.

Justice for the Rural Poor

Childhood and maternal mortality rates are higher here than anywhere else in the country. The rural poor live with their parents, maybe even their grandparents, and their kids. There is never enough money to cover food and clothes, utility payments, and anything that goes wrong—and something always goes wrong. Checks from the government appear every month for the seniors, sometimes the kids receive meager disability unearned revenue payments, and that’s what keeps the family afloat.

• Moreover, if he didn’t fix the problem—at a cost of several thousand unaffordable dollars—he could be arrested.
• “This administration today, here and now, declares unconditional war on poverty in America,” he said.
• This is how my father’s great-grandparents were able to buy their land.
• Some were appalled at Roosevelt’s efforts and thought that he was pushing the country toward socialism.
• The state, which still mostly depended on cotton as a cash crop, had been in dire economic straits for years.

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My mother worked as a teacher’s aid and drove the bus for students who had special needs. The rural poor are Black or brown or white or Indigenous, and if they share a common history, it is one of generations who haven’t moved much. They live in agricultural communities, or maybe in towns that used to be almost prosperous, thanks to coal mines or factories that have by now been closed for years.

For Black people—many of them illiterate—agriculture was where they found work, along with all its uncertainties and vulnerabilities. Few Black people owned the land they farmed; sharecroppers, both white and Black, worked three-quarters of the land in Alabama. When I became a consultant in economic development for the county in 2001, I was naive about the living conditions of my former neighbors—and this was a community I knew well. At the time, it seemed clear to me that economic Certified Bookkeeper development was the secret to launching people out of poverty. I thought that if I succeeded in attracting investment to the area, all else would follow. I did not fully appreciate that the community had no viable infrastructure to attract business, much less residents who could afford the goods and services that businesses depended on.

• When I became a consultant in economic development for the county in 2001, I was naive about the living conditions of my former neighbors—and this was a community I knew well.
• “Concentrated poverty contributes to poor housing and health conditions, higher crime and school dropout rates, and employment dislocations,” the USDA researchers Timothy Parker and Tracey Farrigan wrote in 2012.
• My home state criminalized the failure to provide a septic tank with punitive fines and possible imprisonment.
• Lockers are rusty, lunches look like fast food, school supplies are limited.

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The last time the federal government meaningfully sought to eradicate poverty in the US was the 1960s. In January 1964, just two months after he became president following the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, Lyndon Johnson delivered his first State of the Union address. “This administration today, here and now, declares unconditional war on poverty in America,” he said. “It will not be a short or easy struggle, no single weapon or strategy will suffice, but we shall not rest until that war is won.

• Roosevelt’s first hundred days in office included a breathtaking series of legislative victories.
• They live in agricultural communities, or maybe in towns that used to be almost prosperous, thanks to coal mines or factories that have by now been closed for years.
• There is never enough money to cover food and clothes, utility payments, and anything that goes wrong—and something always goes wrong.
• It was, moreover, a problem much larger than septic systems, casting an unforgiving spotlight on the government’s fundamental disinterest in rural communities.
• According to the US Department of Agriculture, which maintains these numbers, poverty has been declining since it was first measured in 1960, but that decline isn’t evenly distributed throughout the country.

In the mid-1930s the Farm Security Administration designed a program to help tenants gain independence as farmers. It involved subdividing massive tracts of land—usually former plantations—and giving Black farmers subsidies for buying them. This is how my father’s great-grandparents were able to buy their land. My parents were just children when Roosevelt was president, but they never stopped revering him. By the 1920s they had begun to see how Customer Reviews Of BooksTime’s Bookkeeping Services imperiled their circumstances were.